What To Do In A Revolution
Portugal: 1974-1976
Episode 0: Pilot
Who? What? When? Where? Why? But in Portuguese.
Episode 1: New Regime, Old State
Just because you’re not a fascist, doesn’t mean you’re not an asshole.
Episode 2: Carnations!
Can a military coup be good, actually?
To be released.
Episode 3: The Colors of Labor
So you’ve just had a revolution, now what?
To be released.
Episode 4: Ongoing Revolutionary Processes
In which Andrew gets very excited and then very sad in rapid succession.
To be released.
Episode 5: In Retrospect, an Event
Why did a guy in Luxembourg make a podcast about Portugual anyways?
To be released.
Are revolutions still relevant in the twenty-first century? Hell yes! But while the French and Russian Revolutions look archaic to modern eyes, between 1974 and 1976 Portugal underwent a sweeping change that almost ended in a successful socialist revolution in a western European NATO member. Was the so-called “Carnation Revolution” just a flash in the pan? Or was it the most recent cry in the Atlantic world’s still thriving revolutionary age? The Portuguese Revolution is proof that even in modern times, people can still come together and demand a better world. Inspired by Chapo Trap House and Matt Christman’s Cushvlogs, we are proud to present you (the listener) with What to Do in a Revolution: Portugal, 1974-1976.
What to do in a Revolution is written and produced by Andrew Pfannkuche and co-hosted by Ana Laura Magis Weinberg with support from the Centre for Contemporary and Digital History at the University of Luxembourg. We would like to thank Professor Raquel Varela and Dr. Leonor de Oliveira for their time and expertise. More sources about the Carnation Revolution are available at the Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, hosted by the University of Coimbra. The podcast’s intro and outro music is “Car” by David Shaw.
Bibliography
Baganha, Maria Ioannis B. “From Closed to Open Doors: Portuguese Emigration under the Corporatist Regime.” e-JPH, vo. 1, no. 1 (Summer 2003). Pages 1-16.
Birmingham, David. A Concise History of Portugal. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Bruneau, Thomas C. “Continuity and change in Portuguese politics: Ten years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974.” West European Politics, vol. 7, no. 2. Pages 72-83.
Chilcote, Ronald C. The Portuguese Revolution: State and Class in the Transition to Democracy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
Cliff, Tony and Robin Peterson. “Portugal: The Last Three Months.” International Socialism (first series), no. 87, March-April 1976. Pages 10-19. Transcribed and marked up by Einde O’Callaghan for the Marxist Internet Archives. Link.
Cortez, Rafaela. “The Portuguese Revolution and Women’s Liberation.” Jacobin. Published 8 January 2020. Link.
Evans, Ernst. “The Centre Holds: The Portuguese Revolution of 1974-1975 in Comparative Perspectives.” European Security, vol. 10, no. 1 (1988). Pages 137-145.
Gallagher, Tom. “Goodbye to the Revolution: The Portuguese Election of July 1987.” West European Politics, vol. 11, no. 1. Pages 139-145.
Hammond, John L. “The Portuguese Revolution: Two Models of Socialist Transition.” Critical Sociology, vol. 12, no. 1-2. Pages 83-100.
Lochery, Neill. Out of the Shadows: Portugal from the Revolution to the Present Day. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.
Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution?. Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2012.
Maxwell, Kenneth. “The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution.” Foreign Affairs, vol 54, no. 2 (January 1976). Pages 250-270.
________________. “Portugal: ‘The Revolution of the Carnations’, 1974-75.” In Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Pages 144-161.
Melo, Daniela F. “Outmaneuvering Kissinger: Role Theory, US Intra-elite Conflict, and the Portuguese Revolution.” Foreign Policy Analysis, vol. 15, no. 2 (2018). Pages 1-20.
Osuna, José Javier Olivas. “The deep roots of the Carnation Revolution: 150 years of military interventionism in Portugal.” Portuguese Journal of Social Science, vol. 13, no. 2. Pages 215-231.
Pinto, António Costa. “Coping with the Double Legacy of Authoritarianism and Revolution in Portuguese Democracy.” South European Society and Politics, vol. 15, no. 3 (September 2010). Pages 395-412.
Ribeiro, Filipa Perdigão. ““Uma revolução democrática é sempre uma revolução inacabada” — or — “A democratic revolution must always remain unfinished”: Commemorating the Portuguese 1974 revolution in newspaper opinion texts.” Journal of Language and Politics, vol. 10, no. 3 (2011). Pages 372-395.
Robinson, Peter. “Portugal 1974-75: Popular power.” In Revolutionary Rehearsals. Colin Barker, ed. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2008. Pages 83-121.
______________. “So much freedom! Portugal’s Carnation Revolution.” International Socialism, no. 163. Posted online on 1 July 2019. Link.
Rutledge, Ian. “Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution.” The Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 5, no 1. Pages 79-98.
Sanches, Edalina Rodrigues and Ekaterina Gorbunova. “Portuguese Citizens’ Support for Democracy: 40 Years after the Carnation Revolution.” South European Society and Politics, vol. 21, no. 2 (2016). Pages 211-226.
Varela, Raquel. A People’s History of the Portuguese Revolution. Edited by Peter Robinson. Translated by Sean Purdy. London: Pluto Press, 2019.
Wheeler, Douglas J. “In the Service of Order: The Portuguese Political Police and the British, German and Spanish Intelligence, 1932-1945.” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 18, no. 1 (January 1983). Pages 1-25.
Matt Christman’s Cushvlogs
Statement on copyleft: Knowledge is free. Therefore this website, these podcasts, and everything I produce is free to use. You do not need to ask for any permission, nor I do need any credit, all I ask is that when you use it, (and whatever you do with it) you love what you are doing. – Andrew (Pfannkuche)
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